In his writings after 1945, most especially in VomUrsprung und Ziel der Geschichte (The Origin and Goal ofHistory, 1949) and Die Atombombe und die Zukunft desMenschen (The Atom Bomb and the Future of Mankind,1961), Jaspers structured his work quite explicitly as a humanistdoctrine. From this time on, moreover, he attached greater importanceto the social and collective conditions of human integrity and hetended to tone down his earlier construction of interiority as theplace of human freedom. In fact, even the term Existenzbecame increasingly scarce in his post-1945 publications, and it wasreplaced, to a large extent, by ideas of shared humanity, founded, notin the decisive experiences of inner transformation, but in theresources of culture, tradition and ethically modulated politicallife. Central to these later works, consequently, was not only a turntowards humanistic reflection, but also an inquiry into the politicsof humanism and the distinctively human preconditions of politicalexistence.
Born in Baltimore County, Maryland, to a free African-American mother and a father who had formerly been enslaved, Banneker had little or no formal education and was largely self-taught. He became known for assisting Major Andrew Ellicott in a survey that established the original borders of the District of Columbia, the federal capital district of the United States.
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Benjamin Banneker was born on November 9, 1731, in Baltimore County, Maryland, to Mary Banneky, a free black woman, and Robert, a freed slave from Guinea who died in 1759.[3][4] There are two conflicting accounts of Banneker's family history.
A biographer suggested in 2002 that Banneka may have been a member of the Dogon people, who several anthropologists have claimed had an early knowledge of astronomy (see Dogon astronomical beliefs).[10] Molly supposedly freed and married Banneka, who may have shared his knowledge of astronomy with her.[11] The biographer suggested that Benjamin acquired this knowledge from Molly, as Benjamin was born after Banneka's death.[10]
A Baltimore edition of Banneker's 1796 almanac contained a table enumerating the population of each U.S. state and the Southwest Territory as recorded in the 1790 United States census. The table listed the number of free persons and slaves in each state and the territory according to race and gender, as well as to whether they were above or below the age of 16 years. The table also listed the number of members of the U.S. House of Representatives that each state had during the almanac's year.[64]
Benjamin Banneker, a free Negro, has calculated an Almanack, for the ensuing year, 1792, which being desirous to dispose of, to the best advantage, he has requested me to aid his application to you for that purpose. Having fully satisfied myself, in respect to his title to this type of authorship, if you can agree to him for the price of his work, I may venture to assure you it will do you credit, as Editors, while it will afford you the opportunity to encourage talents that have thus far surmounted the most discouraging circumstances and prejudices."[68]
Banneker kept a series of journals that contained his notebooks for astronomical observations, his diary and accounts of his dreams.[30][89] The journals, only one of which escaped a fire on the day of his funeral, additionally contained a number of mathematical calculations and puzzles.[30][89][90]
The time, it is hoped is not very remote, when those ill-fated people, dwelling in this land of freedom, shall commence a participation with the white inhabitants, in the blessings of liberty; and experience the kindly protection of government, for the essential rights of human nature.[96]
I am happy to be able to inform you that we have now in the United States a negro, the son of a black man born in Africa, and of a black woman born in the United States, who is a very respectable mathematician. I procured him to be employed under one of our chief directors in laying out the new federal city on the Patowmac, & in the intervals of his leisure, while on that work, he made an Almanac for the next year, which he sent me in his own hand writing, & which I inclose to you. I have seen very elegant solutions of Geometrical problems by him. Add to this that he is a very worthy & respectable member of society. He is a free man. I shall be delighted to see these instances of moral eminence so multiplied as to prove that the want of talents observed in them is merely the effect of their degraded condition, and not proceeding from any difference in the structure of the parts on which intellect depends.[116][117]
In 1996, a descendant of George Ellicott decided to sell at auction some of those items, including a drop-leaf table, candlesticks, candle molds, maps, letters and diaries.[144] Although supporters of the planned Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum in Oella, Maryland, had hoped to obtain these and several other items related to Banneker and the Ellicotts, a Virginia investment banker won most of the items with a series of bids that totaled $85,000. The purchaser stated that he expected to keep some of the items and to donate the rest to the planned African American Civil War Memorial museum in Washington, D.C.[145]
Alzheimer was married to Ceacilia Geisenheimer, a widow of rich banker, and they had three children. Because of his family wealth, he could devote himself to study without economic difficulties. However, 7 years later, his wife passed away suddenly following her delivery of their youngest child. Elizabeth, Alzheimer's younger sister, moved to Frankfurt to raise the children. Alzheimer immersed himself in treatment of patients and research to forget the grief of bereavement. Although he managed all new patients voluntarily, his clinical opinion was highly developed.
Since his marriage to a widow of rich banker in 1894, Alzheimer devoted himself to studies and inevitably worked without payment. Kraepelin could not offer him a regular post and appreciated his service, since Alzheimer's financial ability provided stable support that allowed the laboratory research to proceed consistently. 2ff7e9595c
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